Eminyakeni eyishumi edlule, ama-smartphones ngokuvamile ayesekela izindinganiso ezimbalwa kuphela ezisebenza kumabhendi amafrikhwensi amane e-GSM, futhi mhlawumbe namazinga ambalwa e-WCDMA noma e-CDMA2000. Ngamabhendi amafrikhwensi ambalwa ongakhetha kuwo, izinga elithile lokufana komhlaba wonke lifinyelelwe ngamafoni e-GSM “ayi-quad-band”, asebenzisa amabhendi angu-850/900/1800/1900 MHz futhi angasetshenziswa noma kuphi emhlabeni (kahle, kahle kakhulu).
Lokhu kuyinzuzo enkulu kubahambi futhi kudala umnotho omkhulu wesilinganiso kubakhiqizi bamadivayisi, abadinga kuphela ukukhipha amamodeli ambalwa (noma mhlawumbe eyodwa) kuyo yonke imakethe yomhlaba. Ngokushesha kuze kube namuhla, i-GSM isewukuphela kobuchwepheshe bokufinyelela okungenantambo obuhlinzeka ngokuzulazula emhlabeni jikelele. Ngendlela, uma ubungazi, i-GSM ikhishwa kancane kancane.
Noma iyiphi i-smartphone efanelekela igama kufanele isekele ukufinyelela kwe-4G, 3G kanye ne-2G enezidingo ezihlukene zesixhumi esibonakalayo se-RF ngokomkhawulokudonsa, amandla okudlulisa, ukuzwela kowamukelayo kanye neminye imingcele eminingi.
Ukwengeza, ngenxa yokutholakala okuhlukene kwe-spectrum yomhlaba wonke, amazinga e-4G amboza inani elikhulu lamabhendi e-frequency, ngakho-ke opharetha bangawasebenzisa kunoma yimaphi amafrikhwensi atholakala kunoma iyiphi indawo - okwamanje amabhendi angu-50 esewonke, njengoba kunjalo namazinga we-LTE1. "Ucingo lomhlaba" lwangempela kufanele lusebenze kuzo zonke lezi zindawo.
Inkinga eyinhloko okufanele ixazululwe noma yimuphi umsakazo weselula “i-duplex communication”. Lapho sikhuluma, silalela kanyekanye. Amasistimu omsakazo wakudala ayesebenzisa i-push-to-talk (abanye basakwenza), kodwa uma sikhuluma ocingweni, silindele ukuthi omunye umuntu asiphazamise. Amadivayisi eselula esizukulwane sokuqala (i-analog) asebenzise “izihlungi eziyi-duplex” (noma ama-duplexer) ukuze athole isixhumanisi esiphansi ngaphandle “kokumangala” ngokudlulisela i-uplink ngefrikhwensi ehlukile.
Ukwenza lezi zihlungi zibe zincane futhi zishibhile kwakuyinselele enkulu kubakhiqizi bamafoni bokuqala. Lapho i-GSM yethulwa, iphrothokholi yaklanywa ukuze ama-transceivers akwazi ukusebenza "kwimodi ye-duplex eyisigamu".
Lena kwakuyindlela ehlakaniphe kakhulu yokuqeda ama-duplexer, futhi kwakuyisici esikhulu ekusizeni i-GSM ibe ubuchwepheshe obungabizi kakhulu, obujwayelekile obukwazi ukubusa imboni (nokushintsha indlela abantu abaxhumana ngayo kule nqubo).
Ifoni Ebalulekile evela ku-Andy Rubin, umsunguli wesistimu yokusebenza ye-Android, ihlanganisa izici zakamuva zokuxhuma ezihlanganisa i-Bluetooth 5.0LE, i-GSM/LTE ehlukahlukene kanye ne-antenna ye-Wi-Fi efihlwe kuhlaka lwe-titanium.
Ngeshwa, izifundo ezifundwe ekuxazululeni izinkinga zobuchwepheshe zalibaleka ngokushesha ezimpini ze-techno-political zezinsuku zokuqala ze-3G, futhi uhlobo olubusayo njengamanje lwe-frequency division duplexing (FDD) ludinga i-duplexer kubhendi ngayinye ye-FDD esebenza kuyo . Akungabazeki ukuthi ukukhuphuka kwe-LTE kuza nezici zezindleko ezikhulayo.
Nakuba amanye amabhendi angasebenzisa i-Time Division Duplex, noma i-TDD (lapho umsakazo ushintsha khona ngokushesha phakathi kokudlulisa nokwamukela), ambalwa kulawa mabhendi akhona. Iningi lama-opharetha (ngaphandle kakhulukazi lase-Asia) likhetha uhla lwe-FDD, olungaphezu kwama-30.
Ifa le-TDD ne-FDD spectrum, ubunzima bokukhulula amabhendi omhlaba ngempela, kanye nokufika kwe-5G enamabhendi engeziwe kwenza inkinga eyi-duplex ibe nzima nakakhulu. Izindlela ezithembisayo ezingaphansi kophenyo zihlanganisa imiklamo emisha esekelwe esihlungi kanye nekhono lokuqeda ukuzithikamezeka.
Lokhu kokugcina kuletha futhi ithuba elithembisayo elithi "fragmentless" duplex (noma "in-band full duplex"). Esikhathini esizayo sokuxhumana kweselula kwe-5G, kungase kudingeke singacabangi i-FDD ne-TDD kuphela, kodwa futhi ne-duplex eguquguqukayo ngokusekelwe kulobu buchwepheshe obusha.
Abacwaningi baseNyuvesi yase-Aalborg e-Denmark benze “i-Smart Antenna Front End” (SAFE)2-3 yokwakheka kwezakhiwo esebenzisa (bheka umfanekiso ekhasini 18) izimpondo ezihlukene zokudlulisela nokwamukela futhi ihlanganisa lezi zimpondo (nokusebenza okuphansi) kuhlanganiswe nokwenza ngokwezifiso. ukuhlunga ukuze kuzuzwe ukudluliswa okufiswayo nokuhlukaniswa kokwamukela.
Nakuba ukusebenza kuhlaba umxhwele, isidingo sama-antenna amabili siwumphumela omkhulu. Njengoba amafoni aba mancane futhi aba mancane, isikhala esitholakalayo sezimpondo siya siba sincane ngokuba sincane.
Amadivayisi eselula nawo adinga izimpondo eziningi ze-spatial multiplexing (MIMO). Amafoni omakhalekhukhwini ane-SAFE architecture kanye nosekelo lwe-2×2 MIMO adinga izimpondo ezine kuphela. Ngaphezu kwalokho, uhla lokushuna lwalezi zihlungi nezimpondo lunqunyelwe.
Ngakho-ke omakhalekhukhwini bomhlaba wonke bazodinga ukuphinda lokhu kwakheka kwesikhombimsebenzisi ukumboza wonke amabhendi efrikhwensi ye-LTE (450 MHz kuya ku-3600 MHz), okuzodinga izimpondo ezengeziwe, izishuna zezinti ezengeziwe nezihlungi ezengeziwe, okusibuyisela emibuzweni evame ukubuzwa mayelana ukusebenza kwamabhendi amaningi ngenxa yokuphindwaphindwa kwezingxenye.
Nakuba ama-antenna amaningi engafakwa kuthebhulethi noma kukhompuyutha ephathekayo, intuthuko eyengeziwe ekwenzeni ngendlela oyifisayo kanye/noma ukwenza izinto ezincane ziyadingeka ukwenza lobu buchwepheshe bufanele ama-smartphone.
I-duplex elinganiselwe ngogesi isetshenziswe kusukela ezinsukwini zokuqala ze-telephony17 yocingo. Ohlelweni locingo, umbhobho kanye ne-earpiece kufanele kuxhunywe kulayini wocingo, kodwa kuhlukaniswe ukuze izwi lomsebenzisi lingavali isignali yomsindo engenayo engenamandla. Lokhu kwafezwa kusetshenziswa ama-hybrid transformer ngaphambi kokufika kwamafoni kagesi.
Isekhethi eyi-duplex eboniswe esithombeni esingezansi isebenzisa isivimbeli senani elifanayo ukuze ifane nesivimbelo solayini wokudlulisela ukuze i-current from microphone ihlukane njengoba ingena ku-transformer futhi igeleza ngokuphambene ikhoyili eyinhloko. Ukuguquguquka kazibuthe kukhanselwe ngokuphumelelayo futhi akukho wamanje ongeniswa kukhoyili yesibili, ngakho ikhoyili yesibili ihlukaniswa kumakrofoni.
Kodwa-ke, isignali evela kumakrofoni isaya kulayini wefoni (nakuba ngokulahleka okuthile), futhi isignali engenayo kulayini wefoni isaya kusipika (nanokulahlekelwa okuthile), ivumela ukuxhumana okubili kulayini wefoni ofanayo. . . Intambo yensimbi.
I-duplexer elinganiselayo yomsakazo ifana ne-duplexer yocingo, kodwa esikhundleni semakrofoni, i-handset, nentambo yocingo, kusetshenziswa isidlulisi, umamukeli, nothi, ngokulandelana, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso B.
Indlela yesithathu yokuhlukanisa umthumeli kumamukeli ukuqeda ukuzithikamezeka kwakho (SI), ngaleyo ndlela ukhiphe isignali edlulisiwe kusiginali eyamukelwe. Amasu e-Jamming asetshenziswe ku-radar nasekusakazeni amashumi eminyaka.
Isibonelo, ekuqaleni kwawo-1980, u-Plessy wasungula futhi wakhangisa umkhiqizo osuselwe kwisinxephezelo se-SI obizwa nge-“Groundsat” ukuze andise ububanzi bokuxhumana kwezempi ye-analog FM ye-half-duplex4-5.
Uhlelo lusebenza njengesiphindaphindi sesiteshi esisodwa esiyiduplex esigcwele, esinweba ububanzi obusebenzayo bemisakazo eyisigamu esiyiduplex esetshenziswa kuyo yonke indawo yokusebenza.
Kube nentshisekelo yakamuva ekucindezelweni kokuzithikamezeka, ikakhulukazi ngenxa yokuthambekela kokuxhumana kwebanga elifushane (amaselula ne-Wi-Fi), okwenza ukuthi inkinga yokucindezelwa kwe-SI ilawuleke ngenxa yokuncipha kwamandla okudlulisa kanye nokwamukela amandla aphezulu ukuze kusetshenziswe abathengi. . Ukufinyelela Okungenantambo kanye Nezinhlelo Zokubuyela Emuva 6-8.
I-iPhone ye-Apple (ngosizo oluvela ku-Qualcomm) ngokungangabazeki inamandla omhlaba ahamba phambili angenantambo ne-LTE, esekela amabhendi ayi-16 LTE ku-chip eyodwa. Lokhu kusho ukuthi ama-SKU amabili kuphela adinga ukukhiqizwa ukumboza izimakethe ze-GSM ne-CDMA.
Kuzinhlelo zokusebenza eziyi-duplex ngaphandle kokwabelana ngokuphazamiseka, ukuzithikamezeka ngokwakho kungathuthukisa ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectrum ngokuvumela i-uplink ne-downlink ukwabelana ngezinsiza ezifanayo ze-spectrum9,10. Amasu okucindezela ukuzithikameza nawo angasetshenziswa ukwakha ama-duplex angokwezifiso e-FDD.
Ukukhansela ngokwakho kuvame ukuba nezigaba ezimbalwa. Inethiwekhi yokuqondisa phakathi kwe-antenna ne-transceiver inikeza izinga lokuqala lokuhlukanisa phakathi kwamasignali adlulisiwe nawamukelwe. Okwesibili, ukucubungula okwengeziwe kwe-analog nedijithali kusetshenziselwa ukuqeda noma yimuphi umsindo osele ongaphakathi kusiginali eyamukelwe. Isigaba sokuqala singasebenzisa i-antenna ehlukile (njengaku-SAFE), i-hybrid transformer (echazwe ngezansi);
Inkinga yezimpondo ezihlukanisiwe isichaziwe kakade. Amasesela ngokuvamile ayibhande elincane ngoba asebenzisa i-ferromagnetic resonance kukristalu. Lobu buchwepheshe be-hybrid, noma i-Electrical Balanced Isolation (EBI), ubuchwepheshe obuthembisayo obungaba i-broadband futhi okungenzeka buhlanganiswe ku-chip.
Njengoba kukhonjisiwe emfanekisweni ongezansi, umklamo ongaphambili we-antenna ohlakaniphile usebenzisa izimpondo ezimbili eziguqulekayo ze-narrowband, eyodwa eyokudlulisela neyodwa yokwamukela, kanye nezihlungi ezisebenza kancane eziphindwe kabili ezisebenza kahle. Ama-antenna angawodwana awanikezi nje kuphela ukuhlukaniswa okungenzi lutho ngezindleko zokulahlekelwa kokusakazwa phakathi kwawo, kodwa futhi anomkhawulokudonsa osheshayo olinganiselwe (kodwa oguqulekayo).
I-antenna yokudlulisela isebenza ngempumelelo kuphela kubhendi yefrikhwensi yokudlulisa, futhi uthi olwamukelayo lusebenza ngempumelelo kuphela ebhendini yokwamukela imvamisa. Kulokhu, uthi ngokwalo luphinde lusebenze njengesihlungi: ukukhishwa kwe-Tx okungaphandle kwebhendi kuncishiswa uthi oludlulisayo, futhi ukuzithikameza ngokwakho kubhendi ye-Tx kuncishiswa uthi olutholayo.
Ngakho-ke, i-architecture idinga ukuthi i-antenna ifundeke, okutholwa ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yokushuna i-antenna. Kunokulahlekelwa kokufaka okungagwemeki kunethiwekhi yokushuna uthi. Kodwa-ke, inqubekelaphambili yakamuva kuma-capacitor we-MEMS18 athuthuke kakhulu ikhwalithi yalawa madivaysi, ngaleyo ndlela anciphisa ukulahlekelwa. Ukulahlekelwa kokufaka i-Rx cishe ku-3 dB, okuqhathaniswa nokulahlekelwa okuphelele kwe-SAW duplexer nokushintsha.
Ukuhlukaniswa okusekelwe ku-antenna kube sekuphelezelwa yisihlungi esiguqulekayo, futhi esisekelwe kuma-capacitor ashintshwayo we-MEM3, ukuze kuzuzwe ukuhlukaniswa okungu-25 dB ku-antenna kanye nokuhlukaniswa okungu-25 dB kusihlungi. Ama-prototypes akhombisile ukuthi lokhu kungafezwa.
Amaqembu amaningana ocwaningo ezifundweni nasezimbonini ahlola ukusetshenziswa kwama-hybrids e-duplex printing11–16. Lezi zinhlelo ziqeda i-SI ngokuzenzakalelayo ngokuvumela ukudluliswa nokwamukela kanyekanye kusuka othingo olulodwa, kodwa zihlukanise isidlulisi nomamukeli. Ziyi-broadband ngokwemvelo futhi zingasetshenziswa ku-chip, okuzenza zibe inketho ekhangayo yokuphindaphinda imvamisa kumadivayisi eselula.
Intuthuko yakamuva ibonise ukuthi ama-transceivers e-FDD asebenzisa i-EBI angenziwa kusuka ku-CMOS (I-Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) ngokulahlekelwa kokufaka, isibalo somsindo, umugqa womtholi, kanye nezici zokucindezela ezivimbelayo ezifanele izinhlelo zokusebenza zeselula11,12,13. Kodwa-ke, njengoba izibonelo eziningi ezincwadini zezemfundo nezesayensi zibonisa, kunomkhawulo oyisisekelo othinta ukuhlukaniswa okuphindwe kabili.
Ukuphazamiseka kwe-antenna yomsakazo akulungisiwe, kodwa kuyahlukahluka ngokuya ngefrikhwensi yokusebenza (ngenxa yokuzwakala kwe-antenna) kanye nesikhathi (ngenxa yokusebenzelana nendawo eshintshayo). Lokhu kusho ukuthi i-impedance yokulinganisa kufanele ivumelane nokulandelela izinguquko ze-impedance, futhi umkhawulokudonsa we-decoupling unqunyelwe ngenxa yezinguquko kusizinda se-frequency13 (bheka Umfanekiso 1).
Umsebenzi wethu eNyuvesi yaseBristol ugxile ekuphenyeni nasekubhekaneni nale mikhawulo yokusebenza ukuze kuboniswe ukuthi ukuthumela/ukuthola ukuhlukaniswa okudingekile kanye nokuphumayo kungafinyelelwa ezimweni zokusetshenziswa zomhlaba wangempela.
Ukuze unqobe ukushintshashintsha kwe-antenna (okunomthelela omkhulu wokuhlukaniswa), i-algorithm yethu eguquguqukayo ilandelela ukuthinta kwe-antenna ngesikhathi sangempela, futhi ukuhlola kubonise ukuthi ukusebenza kungagcinwa ezindaweni ezihlukahlukene eziguqukayo, okuhlanganisa ukusebenzisana kwesandla somsebenzisi kanye nomgwaqo onesivinini esikhulu nojantshi. ukuhamba.
Ukwengeza, ukuze sinqobe ukufaniswa kwe-antenna okulinganiselwe esizindeni se-frequency, ngaleyo ndlela sikhulise umkhawulokudonsa kanye nokuzihlukanisa kukonke, sihlanganisa i-duplexer elinganiswe ngogesi nokucindezelwa okwengeziwe okusebenzayo kwe-SI, sisebenzisa isidluliseli sesibili ukukhiqiza isignali yokucindezela ukuze siqhubeke sicindezela ukuzithikamezeka. (bheka Umfanekiso 2).
Imiphumela evela ku-testbed yethu iyakhuthaza: uma kuhlanganiswa ne-EBD, ubuchwepheshe obusebenzayo bungathuthukisa kakhulu ukudlulisa nokwamukela ukuhlukaniswa, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3.
Isethaphu yethu yokugcina yaselabhorethri isebenzisa izingxenye zedivayisi yeselula ezibiza kancane (izikhulisamandla zamaselula nezinti), okuyenza imele ukusetshenziswa komakhalekhukhwini. Ngaphezu kwalokho, izilinganiso zethu zibonisa ukuthi lolu hlobo lokwenqatshwa kwezigaba ezimbili zokuziphazamisa lunganikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuphindwe kabili okudingekayo kumabhendi efrikhwensi ye-uplink ne-downlink, ngisho nalapho kusetshenziswa imishini ebiza kancane, yezinga lezentengiso.
Amandla esignali idivayisi yeselula ewatholayo ebangeni lawo eliphezulu kufanele abe ama-oda angu-12 obukhulu angaphansi kunamandla esignali ayithumelayo. Ku-Time Division Duplex (TDD), isekethe eyi-duplex imane iyiswishi exhuma uthi ku-transmitter noma umamukeli, ngakho-ke i-duplexer ku-TDD iyiswishi elula. Ku-FDD, isidlulisi nomamukeli sisebenza kanyekanye, futhi i-duplexer isebenzisa izihlungi ukuze ihlukanise umamukeli kusignali eqinile yomthumeli.
I-duplexer ekugcineni kweselula ye-FDD ihlinzeka >~50 dB ukuhlukaniswa kubhendi ye-uplink ukuvimbela ukulayisha ngokweqile umamukeli ngamasignali we-Tx, kanye >~50 dB ukuhlukaniswa kubhendi ye-downlink ukuvimbela ukudluliswa kwe-out-of-band. Kwehlisiwe ukuzwela umamukeli. Kubhendi ye-Rx, ukulahlekelwa kumzila wokudlulisa nokwamukela kuncane.
Lezi zidingo zokulahlekelwa okuphansi, zokuzihlukanisa kakhulu, lapho amafrikhwensi ehlukaniswa ngamaphesenti ambalwa kuphela, zidinga ukuhlunga okuphezulu kwe-Q, okuze kube manje kungafinyelelwa kuphela kusetshenziswa i-surface acoustic wave (SAW) noma amadivaysi e-body acoustic wave (BAW).
Nakuba ubuchwepheshe buqhubeka buvela, ngokuthuthuka okukhulu ngenxa yenani elikhulu lamadivayisi adingekayo, ukusebenza kwe-multi-band kusho isihlungi esihlukile se-off-chip duplex sebhendi ngayinye, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso A. Wonke amaswishi namarutha angeza ukusebenza okwengeziwe izinhlawulo zokusebenza kanye nokuhwebelana.
Amafoni omhlaba athengekayo asekelwe kubuchwepheshe bamanje anzima kakhulu ukuwenza. Umphumela wokwakhiwa komsakazo uzoba mkhulu kakhulu, ulahlekelwe futhi ubize. Abakhiqizi kufanele bakhe izinhlobo eziningi zemikhiqizo yezinhlanganisela ezihlukene zamabhendi adingekayo ezifundeni ezihlukene, okwenza kube nzima ukuzulazula kwe-LTE okungenamkhawulo emhlabeni jikelele. Umnotho wesilinganiso oholele ekubuseni kwe-GSM uya ngokuya usiba nzima ukuwufinyelela.
Ukwenyuka kwesidingo sezinsizakalo zeselula ezinesivinini esikhulu sedatha kuholele ekusetshenzisweni kwamanethiwekhi eselula e-4G kumabhendi efrikhwensi angama-50, namabhendi engeziwe azofika njengoba i-5G ichazwa ngokugcwele futhi isetshenziswa kabanzi. Ngenxa yobunkimbinkimbi besixhumi esibonakalayo se-RF, akwenzeki ukumboza konke lokhu kudivayisi eyodwa kusetshenziswa ubuchwepheshe bamanje obusekelwe kwisihlungi, ngakho-ke amasekhethi e-RF enziwa ngokwezifiso futhi alungiseka kabusha.
Ngokufanelekile, indlela entsha yokuxazulula inkinga ye-duplex iyadingeka, mhlawumbe ngokusekelwe kuzihlungi eziguqulekayo noma ukucindezelwa kokuziphazamisa, noma inhlanganisela ethile yakho kokubili.
Nakuba singakabi nayo indlela eyodwa ehlangabezana nezidingo eziningi zezindleko, usayizi, ukusebenza nokusebenza kahle, mhlawumbe izingcezu zendida zizohlangana futhi zibe sephaketheni lakho eminyakeni embalwa.
Ubuchwepheshe obufana ne-EBD enokucindezela kwe-SI bungavula ithuba lokusebenzisa imvamisa efanayo kuzo zombili izinkomba ngesikhathi esisodwa, okungathuthukisa kakhulu ukusebenza kahle kokubukwayo.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Sep-24-2024