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Ukusebenzisa ama-metasurfaces ukwenza ngcono ukuzuzwa nokuhlukaniswa kwezinti ze-PCB ezibanzi zezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-5G sub-6 GHz

i-wideband pcb antenna (1)

Lo msebenzi uhlongoza i-compact ehlanganisiwe ye-multi-input multiple-output (MIMO) metasurface (MS) ebanzi ye-antenna yezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenazintambo ezingaphansi kwe-6 GHz (5G). Ubusha obusobala bohlelo lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo umkhawulokudonsa obanzi wokusebenza, inzuzo ephezulu, ukucaciswa kwezingxenye ezincane, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO. Indawo ecwebezelayo ye-antenna incishisiwe ngokudayagonali, iphansi kancane, futhi ama-metasurface asetshenziselwa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kothi. Iprototype ehlongozwayo ehlanganisiwe ye-MS antenna inobukhulu obuncane buka-0.58λ × 0.58λ × 0.02λ. Imiphumela yokulingisa neyokulinganisa ibonisa ukusebenza kwe-wideband kusuka ku-3.11 GHz kuya ku-7.67 GHz, okuhlanganisa inzuzo ephezulu kakhulu etholwe engu-8 dBi. Isistimu ye-MIMO enezici ezine iklanywe ngendlela yokuthi uthi lwe-orthogonal luhambisane nolunye ngenkathi igcinwa usayizi ohlangene nokusebenza kwe-wideband kusuka ku-3.2 kuya ku-7.6 GHz. Iprototype ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo iklanywe futhi yakhiwe ku-substrate ye-Rogers RT5880 ngokulahleka okuphansi nobukhulu obuncane obungu-1.05? 1.05! 0.02?, futhi ukusebenza kwayo kuhlolwa kusetshenziswa uhlu oluhlongozwayo lwesikwele esivaliwe serisonator esinendandatho ehlukene engu-10 x 10. Izinto eziyisisekelo ziyafana. I-backplane metasurface ehlongozwayo yehlisa kakhulu imisebe ye-antenna emuva futhi ilawule izinkundla zikagesi, ngaleyo ndlela ithuthukise umkhawulokudonsa, ukuzuza, kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ze-MIMO. Uma kuqhathaniswa nezimpondo ezikhona ze-MIMO, i-antenna ye-MIMO engamachweba angu-4 ehlongozwayo izuza inzuzo ephezulu engu-8.3 dBi ngesilinganiso sokusebenza kahle esifinyelela ku-82% kubhendi ye-5G sub-6 GHz futhi ivumelana kahle nemiphumela elinganisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe ibonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ngokuya nge-envelope coefficient (ECC) engaphansi kuka-0.004, ukuzuza kokuhlukahluka (DG) cishe okungu-10 dB (>9.98 dB) nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO (>15.5 dB ). izici. Ngakho-ke, i-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo esekelwe ku-MS iqinisekisa ukusebenza kwayo kumanethiwekhi okuxhumana angaphansi kwe-6 GHz 5G.
Ubuchwepheshe be-5G buwukuthuthuka okumangalisayo kwezokuxhumana okungenantambo okuzokwenza amanethiwekhi asheshayo futhi avikeleke kakhudlwana ezigidini zezigidi zamadivayisi axhunyiwe, ahlinzeke ngolwazi lomsebenzisi nge-latency "zero" (ukubambezeleka okungaphansi kwe-millisecond engu-1), futhi yethule ubuchwepheshe obusha, kuhlanganise nogesi. Ukunakekelwa kwezokwelapha, imfundo yengqondo. , amadolobha ahlakaniphile, amakhaya ahlakaniphile, i-virtual reality (VR), izimboni ezihlakaniphile kanye ne-Inthanethi Yezimoto (IoV) kushintsha izimpilo zethu, umphakathi nezimboni1,2,3. I-US Federal Communications Commission (FCC) ihlukanisa i-spectrum ye-5G ibe amabhendi amane efrikhwensi4. Ibhendi yefrikhwensi engaphansi kuka-6 GHz iyathakazelisa kubacwaningi ngoba ivumela ukuxhumana kwebanga elide ngamanani aphezulu wedatha5,6. Isabelo se-sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum sokuxhumana kwe-5G yomhlaba wonke siboniswa kuMfanekiso 1, okubonisa ukuthi wonke amazwe acabangela i-sub-6 GHz spectrum ye-5G communications7,8. Ama-antenna ayingxenye ebalulekile yamanethiwekhi e-5G futhi azodinga isisekelo esengeziwe sama-antenna asetshenziswayo.
Ama-antenna e-Microstrip patch anezinzuzo zokuncipha kanye nesakhiwo esiyisicaba, kodwa anqunyelwe ku-bandwidth kanye ne- gain9,10, ucwaningo oluningi lwenziwe ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo kanye nomkhawulokudonsa we-antenna; Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ama-metasurfaces (MS) asetshenziswe kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-antenna, ikakhulukazi ukuthuthukisa inzuzo nokuphuma11,12, noma kunjalo, lawa ma-antenna anqunyelwe echwebeni elilodwa; Ubuchwepheshe be-MIMO buyisici esibalulekile sokuxhumana okungenantambo ngoba bungasebenzisa izinti eziningi ngesikhathi esisodwa ukudlulisa idatha, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe amanani edatha, ukusebenza kahle kwe-spectral, umthamo wesiteshi, nokuthembeka13,14,15. Ama-antenna e-MIMO angamakhandidethi angaba khona ezicelo ze-5G ngoba angadlulisela futhi amukele idatha ngeziteshi eziningi ngaphandle kokudinga amandla engeziwe16,17. Umphumela wokuhlanganisana phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO uncike endaweni yezinto ze-MIMO kanye nenzuzo ye-antenna ye-MIMO, okuyinselelo enkulu kubacwaningi. Amanani 18, 19, kanye no-20 abonisa izinti ze-MIMO ezihlukahlukene ezisebenza ebhendini ye-5G engaphansi kwe-6 GHz, zonke zibonisa ukuhlukaniswa nokusebenza kahle kwe-MIMO. Nokho, inzuzo kanye nomkhawulokudonsa wokusebenza walezi zinhlelo ezihlongozwayo ziphansi.
I-Metamatadium (MMs) izinto ezintsha ezingekho emvelweni futhi zingasebenzisa amaza kagesi, ngaleyo ndlela zithuthukise ukusebenza kwezimpondo21,22,23,24. I-MM manje isisetshenziswa kabanzi kubuchwepheshe be-antenna ukuze kuthuthukiswe iphethini yemisebe, umkhawulokudonsa, ukuzuza, kanye nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezakhi ze-antenna nezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingenantambo, njengoba kuxoxwe ngakho ku-25, 26, 27, 28. Ngo-2029, uhlelo lwe-MIMO olunezici ezine olusekelwe i-metasurface, lapho ingxenye ye-antenna ihlanganiswe phakathi kwe-metasurface nomhlabathi ngaphandle kwegebe lomoya, okuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-MIMO. Nokho, lo mklamo unobukhulu obukhulu, imvamisa yokusebenza ephansi kanye nesakhiwo esiyinkimbinkimbi. I-electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) kanye ne-ground loop kufakiwe ku-antenna ye-MIMO ye-2-port wideband ehlongozwayo ukuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezingxenye ze-MIMO30. I-antenna eklanyelwe inokusebenza okuhle kokuhlukahluka kwe-MIMO kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwama-antenna amabili e-MIMO, kodwa kusetshenziswa izingxenye ezimbili ze-MIMO kuphela, inzuzo izoba phansi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-in31 iphinde yahlongoza i-Ultra-wideband (UWB) enezimbobo ezimbili ze-MIMO antenna futhi yaphenya ukusebenza kwayo kwe-MIMO kusetshenziswa i-metamatadium. Yize lolu luthi lukwazi ukusebenza kwe-UWB, inzuzo yalo iphansi futhi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezimpondo ezimbili kubi. Umsebenzi ku-in32 uhlongoza uhlelo lwe-MIMO lwamachweba amabili olusebenzisa izibonisi ze-electromagnetic bandgap (EBG) ukuze kwandiswe inzuzo. Yize i-antenna ethuthukisiwe inenzuzo ephezulu kanye nokusebenza okuhle kokuhlukahluka kwe-MIMO, ubukhulu bayo obukhulu benza kube nzima ukukusebenzisa kumadivayisi wokuxhumana esizukulwane esilandelayo. Enye i-antenna esekelwe ekuboniseni i-broadband yathuthukiswa ngo-33, lapho isibonisi sahlanganiswa ngaphansi kwe-antenna ngegebe elikhudlwana lama-22 mm, okubonisa inzuzo ephansi ephakeme engu-4.87 dB. Iphepha 34 lakha i-antenna ye-MIMO enezimbobo ezine yezinhlelo zokusebenza ze-mmWave, ehlanganiswe nongqimba lwe-MS ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukuhlukaniswa nokuzuza kohlelo lwe-MIMO. Kodwa-ke, le-antenna inikeza inzuzo enhle kanye nokuhlukaniswa, kodwa inomkhawulokudonsa olinganiselwe kanye nezakhiwo ezimbi zemishini ngenxa yegebe elikhulu lomoya. Ngokufanayo, ngo-2015, i-antenna ye-MIMO enamapheya amathathu, eyi-4-port bowtie-ehlanganisiwe ye-MIMO yenzelwe ukuxhumana kwe-mmWave ngenzuzo enkulu ye-7.4 dBi. I-B36 MS isetshenziswa ngemuva kwe-antenna ye-5G ukukhulisa inzuzo ye-antenna, lapho i-metasurface isebenza njengesibonisi. Kodwa-ke, ukwakheka kwe-MS ku-asymmetric futhi ukunaka okuncane kukhokhwe kusakhiwo seyunithi yeseli.
Ngokwemiphumela yokuhlaziya engenhla, alukho kulezi zimpondo ezingenhla ezinenzuzo ephezulu, ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu, ukusebenza kwe-MIMO kanye nokufakwa kwe-wideband. Ngakho-ke, sisenesidingo se-antenna ye-metasurface ye-MIMO engamboza ububanzi obubanzi be-5G spectrum frequencies ngaphansi kuka-6 GHz ngenzuzo ephezulu kanye nokuhlukaniswa. Uma kucatshangelwa imikhawulo yezincwadi ezishiwo ngenhla, uhlelo lwe-antenna olunezici ezine ze-MIMO olubanzi olunenzuzo ephezulu nokusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlukahluka luhlongozwa kumasistimu okuxhumana angenantambo angaphansi kwe-6 GHz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo ibonisa ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO, izikhala ezincane zezakhi, nokusebenza kahle kwemisebe ephezulu. Isiqeshana se-antenna sincishisiwe ngokudayagonali futhi sibekwe phezu kwe-metasurface enegebe lomoya elingu-12mm, elibonisa imisebe engemuva evela othini futhi lithuthukise ukuzuzwa nokuqondisa kwe-antenna. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna eyodwa ehlongozwayo isetshenziselwa ukwakha i-antenna ye-MIMO enezici ezine esebenza kahle kakhulu nge-MIMO ngokubeka i-antenna ngayinye nge-orthogonally komunye nomunye. I-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe yabe isihlanganiswa phezu kohlu lwe-10 × 10 MS ngendiza yasemuva yethusi ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kokukhipha. Idizayini ihlanganisa ububanzi obusebenzayo (3.08-7.75 GHz), inzuzo ephezulu engu-8.3 dBi kanye nokusebenza kahle okumaphakathi kwesilinganiso esiphezulu esingu-82%, kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu kokungaphezu kuka-−15.5 dB phakathi kwezingxenye ze-antenna ze-MIMO. I-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe esekwe ku-MS yalingiswa kusetshenziswa iphakheji yesoftware kagesi ye-3D i-CST Studio 2019 futhi yaqinisekiswa ngezifundo zokuhlola.
Lesi sigaba sinikeza isingeniso esinemininingwane yesakhiwo esihlongozwayo kanye nendlela yokuklama i-antenna eyodwa. Ukwengeza, imiphumela elungisiwe nebhekiwe kuxoxwa ngayo ngokuningiliziwe, okuhlanganisa imingcele yokuhlakaza, ukuzuza, kanye nokusebenza kahle sekukonke okunama-metasurfaces nangaphandle kwawo. I-antenna ye-prototype yakhiwe ku-Rogers 5880 low loss dielectric substrate enogqinsi oluyi-1.575mm ene-dielectric constant engu-2.2. Ukuthuthukisa nokulingisa umklamo, kwasetshenziswa iphakethe le-electromagnetic simulator CST studio 2019.
Umfanekiso wesi-2 ubonisa isakhiwo esihlongozwayo kanye nemodeli yokuklama ye-antenna yesici esisodwa. Ngokuvumelana nezibalo ezisungulwe kahle zezibalo37, uthi luqukethe indawo eyisikwele ephakelwa umugqa kanye nendiza yomhlabathi yethusi (njengoba kuchazwe esinyathelweni 1) futhi ihambisana nomkhawulokudonsa omncane kakhulu ku-10.8 GHz, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 3b. Usayizi wokuqala werediyetha ye-antenna unqunywa ubuhlobo obulandelayo bezibalo37:
Lapho \(P_{L}\) kanye \(P_{w}\) kungubude nobubanzi bepeshi, c imele isivinini sokukhanya, \(\gamma_{r}\) i-dielectric constant ye-substrate . , \(\gamma_{reff }\) imelela inani elisebenzayo le-dielectric lendawo yemisebe, \(\Delta L\) imele ushintsho kubude bendawo. I-antenna backplane yathuthukiswa esigabeni sesibili, yandisa i-impedance bandwidth naphezu komkhawulokudonsa we-impedance ophansi kakhulu we-10 dB. Esigabeni sesithathu, indawo ye-feeder ihanjiswa kwesokudla, okuthuthukisa umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance kanye nokuhambisana kwe-impedance ye-antenna ehlongozwayo38. Kulesi sigaba, i-antenna ikhombisa umkhawulokudonsa osebenza kahle kakhulu we-4 GHz futhi ihlanganisa i-spectrum engaphansi kuka-6 GHz ku-5G. Isigaba sesine nesokugcina sibandakanya ukucwiliswa kwama-square grooves emakhoneni abhekene nendawo yemisebe. Lesi sikhala sinweba kakhulu umkhawulokudonsa we-4.56 GHz ukumboza i-sub-6 GHz 5G spectrum isuka ku-3.11 GHz iye ku-7.67 GHz, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 3b. Ukubuka kombono ongaphambili nophansi womklamo ohlongozwayo kukhonjiswe kuMfanekiso 3a, futhi imingcele edingekayo yokugcina elungiselelwe kahle imi kanje: SL = 40 mm, Pw = 18 mm, PL = 18 mm, gL = 12 mm, fL = 11. mm, fW = 4 .7 mm, c1 = 2 mm, c2 = 9.65 mm, c3 = 1.65 mm.
(a) Ukubuka okuphezulu nangemuva kwe-antenna eyodwa eklanyelwe (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) Ijika lepharamitha engu-S.
I-Metasurface yitemu elibhekisela kuchungechunge lwezikhathi ezithile lwamayunithi amayunithi atholakala ebangeni elithile ukusuka kwelinye. Ama-Metasurfaces ayindlela esebenzayo yokuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna, okuhlanganisa umkhawulokudonsa, ukuzuza, kanye nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO. Ngenxa yethonya lokusabalala kwamagagasi angaphezulu, ama-metasurface akhiqiza ama-resonance engeziwe anikela ekusebenzeni okuthuthukisiwe kwe-antenna39. Lo msebenzi uphakamisa iyunithi ye-epsilon-negative metamaterial (MM) esebenza kubhendi ye-5G engaphansi kuka-6 GHz. I-MM enendawo engu-8mm×8mm yathuthukiswa ngokulahlekelwa okuphansi kwe-Rogers 5880 substrate ene-dielectric constant engu-2.2 kanye nogqinsi luka-1.575mm. Ipheshi yeresonator ye-MM ethuthukisiwe iqukethe indandatho engaphakathi eyindilinga ehlukanisayo exhunywe emasongweni amabili ahlukanisiwe angaphandle, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 4a. Umfanekiso 4a ufingqa amapharamitha okugcina athuthukisiwe wokusetha okuhlongozwayo kwe-MM. Kamuva, izendlalelo ze-40 × 40 mm kanye ne-80 × 80 mm ze-metasurface zathuthukiswa ngaphandle kwe-backplane yethusi kanye ne-backplane yethusi esebenzisa ama-cell 5 × 5 kanye ne-10 × 10 ngokulandelana. Isakhiwo se-MM esihlongozwayo samodela kusetshenziswa isoftware ye-3D electromagnetic modelling “CST studio suite 2019”. I-prototype eyenziwe yesakhiwo esihlongozwayo samalungu afanayo e-MM kanye nokusethwa kokulinganisa (i-dual-port network analyser PNA kanye nembobo ye-waveguide) iboniswa kumfanekiso 4b ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela yokulingisa ye-CST ngokuhlaziya impendulo yangempela. Ukusethwa kokulinganisa kusebenzise i-Agilent PNA uchungechunge lokuhlaziya inethiwekhi ngokuhlanganisa nama-adaptha amabili we-waveguide coaxial (A-INFOMW, ingxenye yenombolo: 187WCAS) ukuthumela nokwamukela amasiginali. I-prototype 5×5 array ibekwe phakathi kwama-adaptha ama-waveguide coaxial amabili axhunywe ngentambo ye-coaxial kumhlaziyi wenethiwekhi enezimbobo ezimbili (i-Agilent PNA N5227A). Ikhithi yokulinganisa ye-Agilent N4694-60001 isetshenziselwa ukulinganisa i-analyzer yenethiwekhi endaweni yokuhlola. Amapharamitha alingisayo kanye ne-CST abonwe esabalele ehlongozwayo ye-MM aboniswa kumfanekiso 5a. Kungabonakala ukuthi ukwakheka okuhlongozwayo kwe-MM kuzwakala kububanzi befrikhwensi ye-5G ngaphansi kuka-6 GHz. Naphezu komehluko omncane kumkhawulokudonsa ongu-10 dB, imiphumela elingisiwe neyokuhlola ifana kakhulu. I-resonant frequency, umkhawulokudonsa, kanye ne-amplitude ye-resonance ephawuliwe ihluke kancane kuleyo eyenziwe, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 5a. Lo mehluko phakathi kwemiphumela ephawuliwe nefanisiwe ungenxa yokungapheleli kokukhiqiza, ukucaciswa okuncane phakathi kwesibonelo nezimbobo ze-waveguide, imithelela yokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezimbobo ze-waveguide nezingxenye zamalungu afanayo, nokubekezelela ukulinganisa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubekwa okufanele kwesibonelo esithuthukisiwe phakathi kwezimbobo ze-waveguide ekusetheni kokuhlola kungase kubangele ukushintsha kwe-resonance. Ukwengeza, umsindo ongadingeki wabonwa phakathi nesigaba sokulinganisa, okuholele ekuhlukeni phakathi kwemiphumela yezinombolo nekaliwe. Kodwa-ke, ngaphandle kwalobu bunzima, i-prototype ye-MM ehlongozwayo isebenza kahle ngenxa yokuhlobana okuqinile phakathi kokulingisa nokuhlola, okuyenza ifanelekele izinhlelo zokusebenza zokuxhumana ezingenantambo ze-sub-6 GHz 5G.
(a) Iyunithi yejometri yeseli (S1 = 8 mm, S2 = 7 mm, S3 = 5 mm, f1, f2, f4 = 0.5 mm, f3 = 0.75 mm, h1 = 0.5 mm, h2 = 1 .75 mm) (CST STUDIO SUITE) ) 2019) (b) Isithombe sokusethwa kokulinganisa kwe-MM.
(a) Ukulingisa nokuqinisekiswa kwamajika epharamitha ehlakazayo yeprototype ye-metamaterial. (b) Ijika le-dielectric elingaguquki leyunithi yeseli ye-MM.
Amapharamitha asebenzayo asebenzayo afana nokungaguquguquki kwe-dielectric esebenzayo, amandla kazibuthe, kanye nenkomba ye-refractive acwaningwe kusetshenziswa amasu akhelwe ngaphakathi okucubungula e-CST electromagnetic simulator ukuze kuqhutshekwe kuhlaziywe ukuziphatha kweyunithi yeseli ye-MM. Amapharamitha we-MM asebenzayo atholakala kumapharamitha wokuhlakaza kusetshenziswa indlela yokuvuselela eqinile. Izibalo ezilandelayo zokudlulisela kanye ne-reflection coefficient: (3) kanye (4) zingasetshenziswa ukucacisa inkomba ye-refractive kanye ne-impedance (bona 40).
Izingxenye zangempela nezicatshangelwayo zesisebenzisi zimelelwa ngu-(.)' kanye (.)” ngokulandelana, futhi inani eliyinombolo m lihambisana nenkomba ye-refractive yangempela. I-Dielectric constant kanye ne-permeability kunqunywa amafomula \(\varepsilon {} = {}n/z,\) kanye \(\mu = nz\), asekelwe ku-impedance kanye ne-refractive index, ngokulandelanayo. Ijika elisebenza njalo le-dielectric lesakhiwo se-MM liboniswa kuMfanekiso 5b. Ku-resonant frequency, i-dielectric constant esebenzayo inegethivu. Amanani 6a,b abonisa amanani akhishiwe okungena okusebenzayo (μ) kanye nenkomba ye-refractive esebenzayo (n) yeyunithi yeseli ehlongozwayo. Ngokuphawulekayo, amandla akhishiwe abonisa amanani angempela amahle eduze noziro, okuqinisekisa izakhiwo ze-epsilon-negative (ENG) zesakhiwo se-MM esihlongozwayo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 6a, i-resonance at permeability eseduze noziro ihlobene kakhulu nemvamisa ye-resonant. Iyunithi yeyunithi ethuthukisiwe ine-negative index refractive (Fig. 6b), okusho ukuthi i-MM ehlongozwayo ingasetshenziswa ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwe-antenna21,41.
I-prototype ethuthukisiwe ye-antenna eyodwa ye-broadband yenziwa ukuze ihlole ngokuhlola umklamo ohlongozwayo. Izibalo 7a,b zibonisa izithombe ze-antenna eyodwa ehlongozwayo yesibonelo, izingxenye zayo zesakhiwo kanye nokusetha kokulinganisa kwenkundla (SATIMO). Ukuze kuthuthukiswe ukusebenza kwe-antenna, i-metasurface ethuthukisiwe ifakwa izendlalelo ngaphansi kwe-antenna, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 8a, enobude h. I-metasurface eyodwa engu-40mm x 40mm enezendlalelo ezimbili isetshenziswe ngemuva kwe-antenna eyodwa ngezikhathi ezingu-12mm. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-metasurface ene-backplane ibekwe ohlangothini olungemuva lwe-antenna eyodwa ebangeni elingu-12 mm. Ngemva kokufaka i-metasurface, i-antenna eyodwa ibonisa ukuthuthuka okuphawulekayo ekusebenzeni, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 1 no-2. Umfanekiso 8 no-9. Umfanekiso 8b ubonisa iziza zokubonisa ezilingisayo nezikaliwe ze-antenna eyodwa ngaphandle kanye ne-metasurfaces. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ibhande lokumboza le-antenna eline-metasurface lifana kakhulu nebhande lokumboza le-antenna ngaphandle kwe-metasurface. Izibalo 9a,b zibonisa ukuqhathaniswa kokulingiswa nokwabonwa kwe-antenna eyodwa kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphelele ngaphandle kanye ne-MS ku-spectrum yokusebenza. Kungabonakala ukuthi, uma kuqhathaniswa ne-non-metasurface antenna, ukuzuza kwe-antenna ye-metasurface kuthuthukiswa kakhulu, kukhuphuka kusuka ku-5.15 dBi kuya ku-8 dBi. Inzuzo ye-metasurface yongqimba olulodwa, i-metasurface enezingqimba ezimbili, kanye nothi olulodwa olune-backplane metasurface kunyuke ngo-6 dBi, 6.9 dBi, no-8 dBi, ngokulandelana. Uma kuqhathaniswa namanye ama-metasurfaces (ama-MC ongqimba olulodwa kanye nongqimba olukabili), ukuzuza kwe-antenna eyodwa ye-metasurface enendiza yangemuva yethusi kufika ku-8 dBi. Kulokhu, i-metasurface isebenza njengesibonisi, inciphisa imisebe yangemuva ye-antenna futhi iguqule amaza kagesi ngokwesigaba, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulise ukusebenza kahle kwemisebe ye-antenna kanjalo nenzuzo. Ucwaningo lokusebenza kahle kukonke kothi olulodwa olungenayo futhi olunama-metasurface luboniswa kuMfanekiso 9b. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ukusebenza kahle kwe-antenna ene-metasurface nangaphandle kwayo kucishe kufane. Kububanzi obuphansi befrikhwensi, ukusebenza kahle kwe-antenna kuncipha kancane. Inzuzo yokuhlola kanye nokulingiswa kwenzuzo nokusebenza kahle kuvumelana kahle. Kodwa-ke, kunomehluko omncane phakathi kwemiphumela elingisiwe nehloliwe ngenxa yokulimala kokukhiqiza, ukubekezelela isilinganiso, ukulahleka kokuxhumeka kwembobo ye-SMA, nokulahlekelwa kwezintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna kanye nesibonisi se-MS kutholakala phakathi kwama-spacers enayiloni, okungenye inkinga ethinta imiphumela ebhekiwe uma iqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokulingisa.
Umfanekiso (a) ubonisa uthi olulodwa oluqediwe kanye nezingxenye zalo ezihambisana nalo. (b) Ukusethwa kwesilinganiso se-Near-field (SATIMO).
(a) Injabulo ye-antenna kusetshenziswa izibonisi ze-metasurface (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019). (b) Ukubonakaliswa okulingiswayo nokuhlola kothi olulodwa olungenayo kanye ne-MS.
Ukulingisa nemiphumela yokulinganisa (a) yenzuzo ezuziwe kanye (b) nokusebenza kahle kukonke kwe-antenna yomphumela we-metasurface ehlongozwayo.
Ukuhlaziywa kwephethini ye-Beam kusetshenziswa i-MS. Ukulinganisa kwe-antenna eyodwa eduze nenkundla kwenziwa Emvelweni Yokuhlola I-SATIMO Near-Field ye-UKM SATIMO Near-Field Systems Laboratory. Izibalo 10a, b zibonisa amaphethini emisebe elingisiwe futhi aqashelwe i-E-plane kanye ne-H-plane ku-5.5 GHz othini olulodwa oluhlongozwayo olune-MS nangaphandle kwalo. I-antenna eyodwa ethuthukisiwe (ngaphandle kwe-MS) inikeza iphethini yemisebe eqondiswa kabili enamanani we-lobe eseceleni. Ngemva kokufaka isibonisi se-MS esihlongozwayo, uthi luhlinzeka ngephethini yemisebe engaqondile futhi yehlise izinga lamalobe angemuva, njengoba kukhonjisiwe ku-Figure 10a, b. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi iphethini yemisebe ye-antenna eyodwa ehlongozwayo izinze kakhudlwana futhi ayiqondiseki ngakunye inama-lobe aphansi kakhulu angemuva nasemaceleni lapho kusetshenziswa i-metasurface enendiza yangemuva yethusi. Isibonisi esihlongozwayo sohlelo lwe-MM sinciphisa amalobe angemuva nangaseceleni e-antenna kuyilapho sithuthukisa ukusebenza kwemisebe ngokuqondisa i-current in directional unidirectional (Fig. 10a, b), ngaleyo ndlela sandise inzuzo nokuqondisa. Kwaqashelwa ukuthi iphethini yemisebe yokuhlola icishe iqhathaniswe naleyo yokulingisa kwe-CST, kodwa yahluka kancane ngenxa yokungaqondani kahle kwezingxenye ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe, ukubekezelela ukulinganisa, nokulahlekelwa kwekhebula. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-spacer enayiloni yafakwa phakathi kwe-antenna nesibonisi se-MS, okungenye inkinga ethinta imiphumela ebhekiwe uma iqhathaniswa nemiphumela yezinombolo.
Iphethini yemisebe yothi oluthuthukisiwe olulodwa (ngaphandle kwe-MS kanye ne-MS) kumafrikhwensi angu-5.5 GHz yalingiswa futhi yahlolwa.
Ijiyomethri ye-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo iboniswa kuMfanekiso 11 futhi ihlanganisa izimpondo ezine ezingazodwa. Izingxenye ezine ze-antenna ye-MIMO zihlelwe nge-orthogonally enye kwenye engxenyeni engaphansi enobukhulu obungu-80 × 80 × 1.575 mm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 11. I-antenna ye-MIMO eklanyelwe inebanga eliphakathi kwama-elementi elingu-22 mm, elincane kune- ibanga eliseduze elihambisanayo le-inter-elementi yothi. I-antenna ye-MIMO ithuthukisiwe. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ingxenye yendiza yaphansi itholakala ngendlela efanayo ne-antenna eyodwa. Amanani okubonisa ama-antenna e-MIMO (S11, S22, S33, kanye ne-S44) aboniswe kuMfanekiso 12a abonisa ukuziphatha okufanayo ne-antenna yento eyodwa ezwakala kubhendi engu-3.2–7.6 GHz. Ngakho-ke, umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance we-MIMO antenna ufana ncamashi nowothi olulodwa. Umthelela wokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO yisizathu esiyinhloko sokulahleka komkhawulokudonsa omncane wama-antenna e-MIMO. Umfanekiso 12b ubonisa umthelela wokuxhumana kuzingxenye ze-MIMO, lapho ukuhlukaniswa okuphelele phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO kwanqunywa. Ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwama-antenna 1 kanye no-2 kuphansi kakhulu cishe ku- -13.6 dB, futhi ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinti 1 kanye no-4 kuphezulu kakhulu kokuthi -30.4 dB. Ngenxa yobukhulu bayo obuncane kanye nomkhawulokudonsa obanzi, le antenna ye-MIMO inenzuzo ephansi kanye nokusebenza okuphansi. I-insulation iphansi, ngakho-ke ukuqiniswa okwengeziwe nokufakwa kuyadingeka;
Indlela yokuklama ye-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo (a) ukubuka phezulu kanye (b) nendiza yaphansi. (I-CST Studio Suite 2019).
Ukuhlelwa kwejiyomethri kanye nendlela ejabulisayo yothi lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo lwe-metasurface kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 13a. I-matrix engu-10x10mm enobukhulu obungu-80x80x1.575mm yakhelwe uhlangothi olungemuva lwe-MIMO antenna engu-12mm, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 13a. Ukwengeza, ama-metasurface anezindiza ezingemuva zethusi zenzelwe ukusetshenziswa kuma-MIMO antenna ukuthuthukisa ukusebenza kwazo. Ibanga eliphakathi kwe-metasurface kanye ne-antenna ye-MIMO libalulekile ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ephezulu kuyilapho kuvumela ukuphazamiseka okwakhayo phakathi kwamagagasi akhiqizwe uthi kanye nalawo avela ku-metasurface. Ukumodela okubanzi kwenziwa ukuze kulungiselelwe ukuphakama phakathi kwe-antenna ne-metasurface kuyilapho kugcinwa amazinga e-quarter-wave ukuze kuzuzwe ubuningi nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinto ze-MIMO. Ukuthuthukiswa okuphawulekayo ekusebenzeni kwe-antenna ye-MIMO okuzuzwe ngokusebenzisa ama-metasurface anezindiza ezingemuva uma kuqhathaniswa nama-metasurface ngaphandle kwezindiza ezingemuva kuzoboniswa ezahlukweni ezilandelayo.
(a) Ukusethwa kokulingiswa kwe-CST kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo kusetshenziswa i-MS (CST STUDIO SUITE 2019), (b) Amajika okubonisa ohlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwe-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-MS kanye ne-MS.
Ukuboniswa kwama-antenna e-MIMO anama-metasurface nangaphandle kwawo kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 13b, lapho i-S11 ne-S44 kwethulwa khona ngenxa yokuziphatha okucishe kufane kwawo wonke ama-antenna ohlelweni lwe-MIMO. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi i- -10 dB impedance bandwidth ye-MIMO antenna ngaphandle futhi ene-metasurface eyodwa icishe ifane. Ngokuphambene, umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance we-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo uthuthukiswa yi-MS enezingqimba ezimbili kanye ne-backplane MS. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngaphandle kwe-MS, i-antenna ye-MIMO ihlinzeka ngomkhawulokudonsa oyingxenye wama-81.5% (3.2-7.6 GHz) ngokuhlobene nemvamisa yesikhungo. Ukuhlanganisa i-MS nebhanoyi elingemuva kwandisa umkhawulokudonsa we-impedance we-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo iye ku-86.3% (3.08–7.75 GHz). Nakuba i-MS enezingqimba ezimbili inyusa ukuphuma, ukuthuthukiswa kungaphansi kwalokho kwe-MS ngendiza yasemuva yethusi. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-MC enezendlalelo ezimbili inyusa usayizi we-antenna, ikhuphule izindleko zayo, futhi ikhawulele ububanzi bayo. I-antenna ye-MIMO eklanyelwe kanye nesibonisi se-metasurface kuyakhiwa futhi kuqinisekiswe ukuze kuqinisekiswe imiphumela yokulingisa nokuhlola ukusebenza kwangempela. Umfanekiso 14a ubonisa isendlalelo se-MS esakhiwe kanye nothi lwe-MIMO olunezinto ezihlukahlukene ezihlanganisiwe, kuyilapho Umfanekiso 14b ubonisa isithombe sohlelo oluthuthukisiwe lwe-MIMO. I-antenna ye-MIMO ifakwe phezu kwe-metasurface kusetshenziswa izikhala zenayiloni ezine, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuMfanekiso 14b. Umfanekiso 15a ubonisa isifinyezo sokusethwa kokuhlola okuseduze kwesistimu ye-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe. Isihlaziyi senethiwekhi ye-PNA (i-Agilent Technologies PNA N5227A) sisetshenziselwe ukulinganisa imingcele yokuhlakazeka kanye nokuhlola nokuveza izici zokukhishwa eziseduze kwenkundla Elabhorethri Yezinhlelo Zesistimu Ye-UKM SATIMO Near-Field.
(a) Izithombe ze-SATIMO izilinganiso eziseduze nenkundla (b) Amajika alingisa nawokuhlola e-antenna ye-S11 MIMO ene-MS nangenayo.
Lesi sigaba sethula ucwaningo oluqhathanisayo lwamapharamitha we-S alingisiwe futhi aqashelwa we-antenna ye-5G MIMO ehlongozwayo. Umfanekiso 15b ubonisa isakhiwo sokubonisa sokuhlola se-antenna ye-MIMO MS ehlanganisiwe ye-4-elementi futhi usiqhathanise nemiphumela yokulingisa ye-CST. Ukuboniswa kokuhlolwa kutholwe kufana nezibalo ze-CST, kodwa bekuhluke kancane ngenxa yamaphutha okukhiqiza nokubekezelela kokuhlolwa. Ngaphezu kwalokho, ukubonakaliswa okuphawuliwe kweprototype ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo esekelwe ku-MS kuhlanganisa i-spectrum ye-5G engaphansi kuka-6 GHz nge-impedance bandwidth engu-4.8 GHz, okusho ukuthi izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-5G zingenzeka. Kodwa-ke, imvamisa ye-resonant elinganisiwe, i-bandwidth, ne-amplitude ihluka kancane emiphumeleni yokulingisa ye-CST. Ukonakala kokukhiqiza, ukulahlekelwa kokuhlanganisa i-coax-to-SMA, nokusetha ukulinganisa kwangaphandle kungabangela umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela elinganisiwe nefanisiwe. Kodwa-ke, naphezu kwalokhu kushiyeka, i-MIMO ehlongozwayo isebenza kahle, ihlinzeka ngesivumelwano esiqinile phakathi kokulingisa nokulinganisa, okuyenza ifaneleke kahle izinhlelo zokusebenza ezingenantambo ze-sub-6 GHz 5G.
Amajika okuzuza kwezinti ze-MIMO ezilingisiwe futhi aqashelwe aboniswa kuMfanekiso 2 no-2. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 16a,b no-17a,b, ngokulandelanayo, ukusebenzisana kwezingxenye ze-MIMO kuyaboniswa. Lapho kusetshenziswa ama-metasurface kuma-antenna e-MIMO, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezinti ze-MIMO kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Iziza zokuzihlukanisa phakathi kwezinto eziseduze ze-antenna i-S12, S14, S23 kanye ne-S34 zibonisa amajika afanayo, kuyilapho ama-antenna e-MIMO e-diagonal S13 kanye ne-S42 abonisa ukwehlukaniswa okuphezulu okufanayo ngenxa yebanga elikhulu phakathi kwazo. Izici zokudlulisela ezilingisayo zezimpondo eziseduze ziboniswa kuMfanekiso 16a. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ku-spectrum yokusebenza ye-5G engaphansi kwe-6 GHz, ukuhlukaniswa okuncane kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface ngu-13.6 dB, kanye ne-metasurface ene-backplane - 15.5 dB. Isakhiwo senzuzo (Umfanekiso 16a) sibonisa ukuthi i-backplane metasurface ithuthukisa kakhulu ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwama-elementi e-MIMO antenna uma kuqhathaniswa nama-metasurfaces anongqimba olulodwa nolukabili. Ezingxenyeni eziseduze ze-antenna, i-metasurface enengqimba eyodwa kanye nekabili ihlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa okuncane okungaba -13.68 dB kanye -14.78 dB, futhi i-metasurface ye-backplane yethusi inikeza cishe -15.5 dB.
Amajika okuhlukanisa alingiswayo wama-elementi e-MIMO ngaphandle kwesendlalelo se-MS kanye nesendlalelo se-MS: (a) S12, S14, S34 ne-S32 kanye (b) ne-S13 ne-S24.
Amajika okuzuza okuhlola ama-antenna e-MIMO asuselwa ku-MS ahlongozwayo ngaphandle nanokuthi: (a) S12, S14, S34 kanye ne-S32 kanye (b) ne-S13 ne-S24.
I-MIMO diagonal antenna zuza iziza ngaphambi nangemuva kokwengeza isendlalelo se-MS kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 16b. Kuyaqapheleka ukuthi ubuncane bokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezimpondo ezidayagonal ezingenayo i-metasurface (izinti 1 no-3) kungu-15.6 dB ku-spectrum yokusebenza, kanye ne-metasurface enendiza engemuva ingu-18 dB. Indlela ye-metasurface inciphisa ngokuphawulekayo imiphumela yokuhlanganisa phakathi kwezimpondo ze-MIMO ezidiagonali. I-insulation ephezulu ye-metasurface yongqimba olulodwa ingu--37 dB, kuyilapho i-metasurface enezingqimba ezimbili leli nani lehla laya ku- -47 dB. Ubukhulu bokuhlukaniswa kwe-metasurface ngendiza yangemuva yethusi ngu-−36.2 dB, okwehla ngobubanzi bemvamisa ekhuphukayo. Uma kuqhathaniswa nama-metasurface anesendlalelo esisodwa kanye nesendlalelo ezimbili ngaphandle kwendiza engemuva, ama-metasurface anendiza yangemuva ahlinzeka ngokuhlukaniswa okuphakeme kulo lonke ibanga lefrikhwensi yokusebenza edingekayo, ikakhulukazi kububanzi be-5G obungaphansi kuka-6 GHz, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Figure 16a, b. Kubhendi ye-5G edume kakhulu nesetshenziswa kabanzi engaphansi kuka-6 GHz (3.5 GHz), ama-metasurface anesendlalelo esisodwa nokabili anokwahlukaniswa okuphansi phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO kune-metasurface enezindiza ezingemuva zethusi (cishe ingekho i-MS) (bona Umfanekiso 16a), b) . Izilinganiso zenzuzo ziboniswa ku-Figure 17a, b, okubonisa ukuhlukaniswa kwezimpondo eziseduze (S12, S14, S34 kanye ne-S32) kanye nezimpondo ezidiagonal (S24 kanye ne-S13), ngokulandelana. Njengoba kungabonwa kulezi zibalo (Fig. 17a, b), ukuhlukaniswa kokuhlola phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO kuvumelana kahle nokulingisa ukuhlukaniswa. Yize kunomehluko omncane phakathi kwamanani alingisa nakalwa e-CST ngenxa yeziphambeko zokukhiqiza, uxhumo lwembobo ye-SMA nokulahlekelwa kwezintambo. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna kanye nesibonisi se-MS kutholakala phakathi kwama-spacers enayiloni, okungenye inkinga ethinta imiphumela ebhekiwe uma iqhathaniswa nemiphumela yokulingisa.
ifunde ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje okungaphezulu ku-5.5 GHz ukuze ilinganisele indima yama-metasurfaces ekwehliseni ukuhlangana okuhlangene ngokusebenzisa ukucindezelwa kwamagagasi angaphezulu42. Ukusatshalaliswa kwamanje okungaphezulu kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo kuboniswa kuMfanekiso 18, lapho uthi lwe-1 lushayelwa khona futhi lonke olunye uthi lunqanyulwa ngomthwalo we-50 ohm. Uma i-antenna 1 inikwe amandla, amaza okuhlangana abalulekile azovela kuzinti eziseduze ku-5.5 GHz uma ingekho i-metasurface, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 18a. Ngokuphambene nalokho, ngokusetshenziswa kwe-metasurfaces, njengoba kuboniswe ku-Fig. 18b-d, ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwama-antenna aseduze kuyathuthukiswa. Kufanele kuqashelwe ukuthi umthelela wokuhlangana okuhlangene kwezinkambu eziseduze ungancishiswa ngokusabalalisa i-coupling yamanje emasongweni aseduze amayunithi amaseli kanye namaseli eyunithi ye-MS aseduze eduze kongqimba lwe-MS eziqondisweni eziphikisanayo. Ukujova imanje kusuka kuzinti ezisabalalisiwe kuya kumayunithi e-MS kuyindlela eyinhloko yokuthuthukisa ukuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO. Ngenxa yalokho, ukuhlangana kwamanje phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO kuncishiswe kakhulu, futhi ukuhlukaniswa nakho kuthuthukiswa kakhulu. Ngenxa yokuthi inkambu yokuhlanganisa isatshalaliswa kabanzi esakhiweni, i-metasurface ye-backplane yethusi ihlukanisa umhlangano we-antenna ye-MIMO kakhulu kune-metasurfaces yongqimba olulodwa nolukabili (Umfanekiso 18d). Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe ine-backpropagation ephansi kakhulu kanye nokusakazeka okuseceleni, ikhiqiza iphethini yemisebe engaqondile, ngaleyo ndlela ikhulisa ukuzuza kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo.
Amaphethini amanje angaphezulu we-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo ku-5.5 GHz (a) ngaphandle kwe-MC, (b) i-MC yongqimba olulodwa, (c) i-MC enengqimba ekabili, kanye (d) ne-MC yongqimba olulodwa enendiza yasemuva yethusi. (I-CST Studio Suite 2019).
Ngaphakathi kwefrikhwensi yokusebenza, Umfanekiso 19a ubonisa izinzuzo ezilingisayo nezibonwayo ze-antenna ye-MIMO eklanywe ngaphandle futhi ene-metasurfaces. Inzuzo efanisiwe ezuziwe ye-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface ingu-5.4 dBi, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 19a. Ngenxa yomphumela wokuhlangana phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO, i-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo empeleni izuza inzuzo ephakeme engu-0.25 dBi kune-antenna eyodwa. Ukwengezwa kwama-metasurfaces kunganikeza izinzuzo ezibalulekile kanye nokuhlukaniswa phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO. Ngakho-ke, i-antenna ye-metasurface ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo ingazuza inzuzo ephezulu efika ku-8.3 dBi. Njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 19a, lapho kusetshenziswa i-metasurface eyodwa ngemuva kwe-antenna ye-MIMO, inzuzo inyuka ngo-1.4 dBi. Uma i-metasurface iphindwe kabili, inzuzo ikhuphuka ngo-2.1 dBi, njengoba kuboniswe kuMfanekiso 19a. Kodwa-ke, inzuzo enkulu elindelekile ye-8.3 dBi ifinyelelwa uma usebenzisa i-metasurface ene-backplane yethusi. Ngokuphawulekayo, inzuzo ephezulu ezuziwe ye-metasurface yongqimba olulodwa kanye ne-double-layer metasurfaces ngu-6.8 dBi kanye no-7.5 dBi, ngokulandelana, kuyilapho inzuzo enkulu ezuziwe ye-metasurface yongqimba olungezansi ingu-8.3 dBi. Isendlalelo se-metasurface ohlangothini olungemuva lwe-antenna lusebenza njengesibonisi, sibonisa imisebe evela ohlangothini olungemuva lwe-antenna futhi sithuthukisa isilinganiso sangaphambili ukuya emuva (F/B) sothi oluklanyiwe lwe-MIMO. Ngaphezu kwalokho, isibonisi se-MS esinamandla aphezulu siphatha amaza kagesi ngokwesigaba, ngaleyo ndlela sidale ukuzwakala okwengeziwe futhi sithuthukise ukusebenza kwemisebe ye-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo. Isibonisi se-MS esifakwe ngemuva kwe-antenna ye-MIMO singakhuphula kakhulu inzuzo ezuziwe, eqinisekiswa yimiphumela yokuhlola. Izinzuzo eziqashelwayo nezilingiswayo ze-antenna ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe zicishe zifane, nokho, kwezinye izikhathi inzuzo elinganiselwe iphakeme kunenzuzo efanisiwe, ikakhulukazi ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-MS; Lokhu kuhluka kwenzuzo yokuhlola kungenxa yokubekezelelwa kwesilinganiso kwamaphedi enayiloni, ukulahleka kwekhebula, nokuhlangana ohlelweni lwe-antenna. Inzuzo elinganiselwe ephezulu ye-antenna ye-MIMO ngaphandle kwe-metasurface ingu-5.8 dBi, kuyilapho i-metasurface enendiza yangemuva yethusi ingu-8.5 dBi. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi uhlelo oluphelele oluhlongozwayo lwe-antenna ye-4-port MIMO ene-MS reflector lubonisa inzuzo ephezulu ngaphansi kwezimo zokuhlola nezinombolo.
Ukulingisa kanye nemiphumela yokuhlola (a) yenzuzo ezuziwe kanye (b) nokusebenza kukonke kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo enomphumela we-metasurface.
Umfanekiso 19b ubonisa ukusebenza okuphelele kohlelo lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo ngaphandle nangezibonisi ze-metasurface. Emfanekisweni 19b, ukusebenza kahle okuphansi kakhulu kusetshenziswa i-MS ngendiza engemuva bekungaphezu kwama-73% (kwehle kwafika ku-84%). Ukusebenza kahle sekukonke kwama-antenna e-MIMO athuthukisiwe ngaphandle kwe-MC kanye ne-MC kucishe kufane nomehluko omncane uma kuqhathaniswa namanani alingiswayo. Izizathu zalokhu ukubekezelela izilinganiso kanye nokusetshenziswa kwama-spacers phakathi kwe-antenna nesibonisi se-MS. Inzuzo efinyelelwe elinganiselwe kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphelele kuyo yonke imvamisa kucishe kufane nemiphumela yokulingisa, okubonisa ukuthi ukusebenza kwe-MIMO prototype ehlongozwayo kunjengoba bekulindelekile nokuthi i-antenna ye-MS-based MIMO enconyiwe ifanele ukuxhumana kwe-5G. Ngenxa yamaphutha ezifundweni zokuhlola, kukhona umehluko phakathi kwemiphumela iyonke yokuhlolwa kwaselabhorethri kanye nemiphumela yokulingisa. Ukusebenza kwe-prototype ehlongozwayo kuthintwa ukungafani kokuphazamiseka phakathi kwe-antenna nesixhumi se-SMA, ukulahleka kwe-coaxial cable splice, imiphumela yokudayiswa, kanye nokuba seduze kwemishini ehlukahlukene kagesi ekusetheni kokuhlola.
Umfanekiso 20 uchaza inqubekelaphambili yokuklama nokwenza kahle kwe-antenna eshiwo ngendlela yomdwebo webhulokhi. Lo mdwebo webhulokhi unikeza incazelo yesinyathelo nesinyathelo yezimiso ezihlongozwayo zokuklama i-antenna ye-MIMO, kanye namapharamitha adlala indima ebalulekile ekwenzeni ngcono i-antenna ukuze kuzuzwe inzuzo ephezulu edingekayo kanye nokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu phezu kwemvamisa yokusebenza ebanzi.
Izilinganiso ze-antenna ze-MIMO eziseduze zikalwa Endaweni Yokuhlola Ye-SATIMO Near-Field Elabhorethri Yezinhlelo Zesistimu Ye-UKM SATIMO Near-Field. Izibalo 21a,b zibonisa amaphethini emisebe elingisiwe futhi aqashelwe i-E-plane kanye nendiza ye-H ye-antenna efunwayo ye-MIMO ene-MS nangenayo imvamisa yokusebenza engu-5.5 GHz. Ebangeni lefrikhwensi yokusebenza engu-5.5 GHz, i-antenna engeyona eye-MS MIMO ethuthukisiwe inikeza iphethini yemisebe eqondiswa kabili enamanani e-lobe eseceleni. Ngemva kokufaka isibonisi se-MS, uthi luhlinzeka ngephethini yemisebe engaqondile futhi yehlise izinga lamalobe angemuva, njengoba kukhonjisiwe kuFigure 21a, b. Kuyaphawuleka ukuthi ngokusebenzisa i-metasurface ene-backplane yethusi, iphethini ehlongozwayo ye-antenna ye-MIMO izinze kakhulu futhi ayiqondi kahle kune-MS, ene-lobes ephansi kakhulu yasemuva nangaseceleni. Isibonisi esihlongozwayo sohlelo lwe-MM sinciphisa ingemuva neseceleni lobe lwe-antenna futhi siphinde sithuthukise izici zemisebe ngokuqondisa i-current in unidirectional direction (Fig. 21a, b), ngaleyo ndlela andise inzuzo nokuqondisa. Iphethini yemisebe elinganisiwe itholwe kumbobo 1 ngomthwalo ongu-50 ohm oxhunywe kumachweba asele. Kuqashelwe ukuthi iphethini yokuhlolwa kwemisebe icishe ifane naleyo elingiswe yi-CST, nakuba kube khona ukuchezuka okuthile ngenxa yokungaqondani kahle kwengxenye, ukuboniswa okuvela ezimbobeni zetheminali, nokulahlekelwa ekuxhumekeni kwekhebula. Ukwengeza, i-spacer enayiloni yafakwa phakathi kwe-antenna ne-MS reflector, okungenye inkinga ethinta imiphumela ebonwayo uma iqhathaniswa nemiphumela ebikezelwe.
Iphethini yemisebe ye-MIMO antenna ethuthukisiwe (ngaphandle kwe-MS kanye ne-MS) kumafrikhwensi angu-5.5 GHz yalingiswa futhi yahlolwa.
Kubalulekile ukuqaphela ukuthi ukuhlukaniswa kwechweba nezici zayo ezihambisanayo kubalulekile lapho kuhlolwa ukusebenza kwezinhlelo ze-MIMO. Ukusebenza okuhlukahlukene kohlelo lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo, okuhlanganisa i-envelope coefficient (ECC) kanye ne-diversity gain (DG), kuyahlolwa ukuze kuboniswe ukuqina kohlelo lwe-antenna lwe-MIMO oluklanyelwe. I-ECC kanye ne-DG ye-antenna ye-MIMO ingasetshenziswa ukuhlola ukusebenza kwayo njengoba kuyizingxenye ezibalulekile zokusebenza kohlelo lwe-MIMO. Izigaba ezilandelayo zizochaza lezi zici zothi lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo.
I-Envelope Correlation Coefficient (ECC). Lapho icubungula noma yiluphi uhlelo lwe-MIMO, i-ECC inquma izinga lapho izinto ezihlanganisiwe zihlobana ngalo ngokuphathelene nezakhiwo zazo ezithile. Ngakho-ke, i-ECC ikhombisa izinga lokuhlukaniswa kwesiteshi kunethiwekhi yokuxhumana engenantambo. I-ECC (i-envelope coefficient) yohlelo lwe-MIMO oluthuthukisiwe inganqunywa ngokusekelwe kumapharamitha we-S kanye nokuphuma kwezindawo ezikude. Kusuka ku-Eq. (7) kanye (8) ne-ECC ye-MIMO antenna 31 ehlongozwayo inganqunywa.
I-coefficient yokubonisa imelwe i-Sii futhi i-Sij imele i-coefficient yokudlulisela. Amaphethini emisebe anezinhlangothi ezintathu zothingo lwe-j-th kanye ne-i-th anikezwa izinkulumo \(\vec{R}_{j} \kwesokunxele( {\theta ,\varphi } \kwesokudla)\) kanye \( \vec {{R_{ i } }} I-engeli eqinile imelwe \kwesokunxele( {\theta ,\varphi } \kwesokudla)\) kanye \({\Omega }\). Ijika le-ECC le-antenna ehlongozwayo iboniswa kuMfanekiso 22a futhi inani layo lingaphansi kuka-0.004, elingaphansi kakhulu kwevelu eyamukelekayo engu-0.5 yesistimu engenazintambo. Ngakho-ke, inani elincishisiwe le-ECC lisho ukuthi uhlelo lwe-MIMO lwamachweba angu-4 oluhlongozwayo luhlinzeka ngokuhlukahluka okuphakeme43.
I-Diversity Gain (DG) DG ingenye imethrikhi yokusebenza kwesistimu ye-MIMO echaza ukuthi uhlelo lokuhlukahluka luwathinta kanjani amandla akhipha imisebe. Ubudlelwano (9) bunquma i-DG yohlelo lwe-antenna lwe-MIMO oluthuthukiswayo, njengoba kuchazwe ku-31.
Umfanekiso 22b ubonisa umdwebo we-DG wesistimu ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo, lapho inani le-DG lisondele kakhulu ku-10 dB. Amanani e-DG awo wonke ama-antenna ohlelo oluklanyelwe lwe-MIMO adlula u-9.98 dB.
Ithebula 1 liqhathanisa i-antenna ye-MIMO ye-metasurface ehlongozwayo nezinhlelo ezisanda kuthuthukiswa ezifanayo ze-MIMO. Ukuqhathanisa kucabangela amapharamitha wokusebenza ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa umkhawulokudonsa, inzuzo, ukuhlukaniswa okuphezulu, ukusebenza kahle okuphelele, nokusebenza okuhlukahlukene. Abacwaningi bethule ama-prototypes e-antenna e-MIMO ahlukahlukene ngamasu okuzuza kanye nokuthuthukisa ukuzihlukanisa ku-5, 44, 45, 46, 47. Uma kuqhathaniswa nemisebenzi eshicilelwe ngaphambilini, uhlelo lwe-MIMO oluhlongozwayo olunezibonisi ze-metasurface luzidlula kahle ngokomkhawulokudonsa, ukuzuza, nokuzihlukanisa. Ukwengeza, uma kuqhathaniswa nama-antenna afanayo abikiwe, uhlelo lwe-MIMO oluthuthukisiwe lubonisa ukusebenza okuphakeme kokuhlukahluka kanye nokusebenza kahle okuphelele ngosayizi omncane. Yize izimpondo ezichazwe eSigabeni 5.46 zinokuhlukaniswa okuphezulu kunezimpondo zethu ezihlongozwayo, lawa ma-antenna ahlushwa usayizi omkhulu, ukuzuza okuphansi, umkhawulokudonsa omncane, kanye nokusebenza kabi kwe-MIMO. I-antenna ye-MIMO enezimbobo ezi-4 ehlongozwayo kuma-45 ibonisa ukuzuza okuphezulu nokusebenza kahle, kodwa ukwakheka kwayo kunokuhlukaniswa okuphansi, usayizi omkhulu, kanye nokusebenza kabi kokuhlukahluka. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, uhlelo lwe-antenna losayizi omncane oluhlongozwayo ku-47 lunenzuzo ephansi kakhulu kanye nomkhawulokudonsa osebenzayo, kuyilapho uhlelo lwethu lwe-MS olusekelwe ku-4-port MIMO oluhlongozwayo lubonisa usayizi omncane, ukuzuza okuphezulu, ukuhlukaniswa okuphezulu nokusebenza okungcono kwe-MIMO. Ngakho-ke, i-antenna ye-metasurface ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo ingaba imbangi enkulu yezinhlelo zokuxhumana ezingaphansi kwe-6 GHz 5G.
I-antenna ye-MIMO enezimbobo ezine ze-metasurface reflector-based wideband ye-MIMO enenzuzo ephezulu nokuhlukaniswa iyaphakanyiswa ukuze kusekelwe izinhlelo zokusebenza ze-5G ngaphansi kuka-6 GHz. Ulayini we-microstrip uphakela isigaba esiyisikwele sokukhanya, esincishiswa ngesikwele emakhoneni ayidiagonal. I-MS ehlongozwayo kanye ne-antenna emitter kusetshenziswa ezintweni ze-substrate ezifana ne-Rogers RT5880 ukuze kuzuzwe ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu ezinhlelweni zokuxhumana ze-5G ezinesivinini esikhulu. I-antenna ye-MIMO ihlanganisa ububanzi obubanzi nenzuzo ephezulu, futhi inikeza ukuhlukaniswa komsindo phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO nokusebenza kahle okuhle kakhulu. I-antenna eyodwa ethuthukisiwe inobukhulu obuncane buka-0.58?0.58?0.02? enohlelo lwe-5 × 5 metasurface, ihlinzeka ngomkhawulokudonsa obanzi wokusebenza ongu-4.56 GHz, inzuzo ephakeme engu-8 dBi kanye nokusebenza kahle okukaliwe okuphakeme. I-antenna ye-MIMO enezimbobo ezine ehlongozwayo (uhlu lwe-2 × 2) iklanywe ngokuqondanisa i-othogonally i-antenna ngayinye ehlongozwayo nolunye olunobukhulu obungu-1.05λ × 1.05λ × 0.02λ. Kunconywa ukuhlanganisa uhlu lwe-10×10 MM ngaphansi kwe-antenna ye-MIMO ephakeme engu-12mm, enganciphisa imisebe engemuva futhi inciphise ukuhlangana phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO, ngaleyo ndlela kuthuthukiswe ukuzuza nokuzihlukanisa. Imiphumela yokuhlola neyokulingisa ibonisa ukuthi i-prototype ye-MIMO ethuthukisiwe ingasebenza kububanzi obubanzi befrikhwensi engu-3.08–7.75 GHz, ihlanganisa i-spectrum ye-5G ngaphansi kuka-6 GHz. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo esekelwe ku-MS ithuthukisa ukuzuza kwayo ngo-2.9 dBi, ithola inzuzo enkulu engu-8.3 dBi, futhi inikeza ukuhlukaniswa okuhle kakhulu (>15.5 dB) phakathi kwezingxenye ze-MIMO, okuqinisekisa umnikelo we-MS. Ngaphezu kwalokho, i-antenna ye-MIMO ehlongozwayo inesilinganiso esiphezulu sokusebenza kahle se-82% kanye nebanga eliphansi le-inter-elementi elingu-22 mm. I-antenna ibonisa ukusebenza okuhle kakhulu kokuhlukahluka kwe-MIMO okuhlanganisa i-DG ephezulu kakhulu (ngaphezu kuka-9.98 dB), i-ECC ephansi kakhulu (ngaphansi kuka-0.004) kanye nephethini yemisebe engaqondile. Imiphumela yokulinganisa ifana kakhulu nemiphumela yokulingisa. Lezi zici ziqinisekisa ukuthi isistimu ye-antenna ye-MIMO enezimbobo ezine ethuthukisiwe ingaba ukukhetha okusebenzayo kwezinhlelo zokuxhumana ze-5G kububanzi obungama-sub-6 GHz.
I-Cowin ingahlinzeka ngothi lwe-PCB ebanzi engu-400-6000MHz, kanye nokwesekwa kokuklama uthi olusha ngokwemfuneko yakho, sicela usithinte ngaphandle kokungabaza uma unesicelo.

 

 


Isikhathi sokuthumela: Oct-10-2024